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The term remained loosely defined until the 21st century, when the American archaeologist Melinda A. Such changes both make domesticated organisms easier to handle, and reduce their ability to survive in the wild.ĭomestication (not to be confused with the taming of an individual animal ), is from the Latin domesticus, 'belonging to the house'. In plants, domestication affected genes for morphology, such as increasing seed size and stopping the shattering of seed-heads such as in wheat. Agriculture developed in some 13 centres around the world, domesticating different crops and animals.ĭomestication affected genes for behaviour in animals, making them less aggressive. In Africa, crops such as sorghum were domesticated. Beginning around 10,000 years ago, Indigenous peoples in the Americas began to cultivate peanuts, squash, maize, potatoes, cotton, and cassava. Rice was first cultivated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago. The domestication of plants began around 13,000–11,000 years ago with cereals such as wheat and barley in the Middle East, alongside crops such as lentil, pea, chickpea, and flax. Among invertebrates, the silkworm and the western honey bee were domesticated over 5,000 years ago for silk and honey respectively. The horse came under domestication around 5,500 years ago in central Asia as a working animal. Among birds, the chicken was domesticated in East Asia, seemingly for cockfighting, some 7,000 years ago. Other animals including goat, sheep, and cow were domesticated starting around 11,000 years ago. The first animal to be domesticated was the dog, as a commensal, at least 15,000 years ago.

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The process was gradual and geographically diffuse, based on trial and error.

ĭomestication is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship between humans and other organisms, in which humans take over control and care to obtain a steady supply of resources including food.

Rice was domesticated in China, some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago. Selective breeding of plants and animals to serve humansĭogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated, at least 15,000 and 11,000 years ago respectively.

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